Crowned cranes (Balearica pavonina pavonina) are named for the striking, straw colored bristle-like feathers on top of their heads. They are mostly black with white upper, under wing coverts and a black head. The legs and bill are black, eyes are light grey, facial skin is white and red, and throat lappet is scarlet. There are large white cheek patches with a small red patch at the top. The bill is proportionally shorter than in other cranes. They have long legs for “wading” through the grasses. They have a special grasping toe which allows them to roost in trees, which is an unusual feature for a crane. They are about 3 feet in height and have wing spans reaching up to 6 feet. Crowned cranes are native to the grasslands, and marshy areas. They are typically found near lakes and streams. Crowned cranes are omnivores that eat primarily grasses, seeds, and grains, but will also consume insects, reptiles, and even seeds from cultivating crops. Crowned Cranes are monogamous and appear to mate for life. During courtship they perform a “nuptial dance” in which both birds bob, bow, and jump around each other while calling and spreading their wings. Breeding occurs from May to December, typically during the rainy season. All cranes, young and old alike, participate in elaborate, enthusiastic “dancing.” For the young, dancing helps to develop physical, social skills, and may even help to reduce anxiety/stress. Pairs cooperatively build nests, Females lay clutches of 3-4 eggs and incubation lasts for 30 days. A family of crowned cranes will stay together for 9-10 months, and by 12 months chicks will begin gaining their adult plumage. Maturity is reached at 3 years, Adults have a black body with white wings and wing feathers ranging in color from white to brown to gold. Crowned cranes are the only cranes to perch in trees. They fly with the neck extended forward and legs stretched horizontally behind the tail. Crowned cranes are the national bird of Nigeria. Predators of crowned cranes includes leopards, hyenas, and jackals for adults, and smaller animals like crows, foxes, and eagles for eggs and chicks. Large predators pose a threat to adults, while birds and smaller mammals are the primary predators of eggs and young. Domesticated animals, particularly dogs, can also be predators. Their Lifespan is mainly 25-30 years in captivity and the conservation status is vulnerable.
